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pre
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<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle24><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Thanks. I
guess after finding the desired throws I should increase the endpoints to near
maximum before readjusting the linkage, however I probably don't fly well
enough to notice the resolution increase anyway. It's way better than I had in
the 70's.<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle24><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'>Jim<o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle24><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span class=EmailStyle24><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Arial'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=2 color=black
face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>-----Original
Message-----<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>From:</span></b>
nsrca-discussion-bounces@lists.nsrca.org
[mailto:nsrca-discussion-bounces@lists.nsrca.org]<b><span style='font-weight:
bold'>On Behalf Of </span></b>James Oddino<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b> Saturday, February 21, 2009
11:32 AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b> General pattern discussion<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b> Re: [NSRCA-discussion]
Random tip on ATV and setup</span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>That is
correct. I'll talk about Futaba but the same applies to other brands
though the numbers and terminology may be different. The maximum
resolution available is 2048 increments. This means that a receiver
channel output pulse width can be at any of 2048 values between 0.9 and 2.1
milliseconds. This translates to... the servo output arm can be at any of
2048 angular positions. In actual use we will have less resolution
because to get to 0.9 or 2.1 you'd need to put the trim and subtrim hard over
in opposite directions respectively. But you do want to maximize the
pulse width range and you do this by keeping the ATV and AFR high (over 100). I
try to keep the pulse width in the 1.0 to 2.0 millisecond range. I use a
spline curve and don't use Dual rates. Then one must use the mechanical
linkage to get the proper throw. </span></font><font color=black><span
style='color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>And yes if
you reduce ATV or AFR you will reduce the range of pulse width values but it
would not be correct to call that clipping or compressing. I would call
it lowering the dynamic range, but I better Google that to see what they say.</span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Jim</span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><![if !supportEmptyParas]> <![endif]></span></font><font
color=black><span style='color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>On Feb 21,
2009, at 9:40 AM, J N Hiller wrote:</span></font><font color=black><span
style='color:black;mso-color-alt:windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:.5in'><font size=3 color=black
face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><br
style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![endif]></span></font><font color=black><span style='color:black;mso-color-alt:
windowtext'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><span class=emailstyle20>
<div link="blue" vlink="blue" style='word-wrap: break-word;-webkit-nbsp-mode: space;
-webkit-line-break: after-white-space'><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'><span style='orphans: 2;
text-align:auto;widows: 2;-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 0px;-webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 0px;
-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none;-webkit-text-size-adjust: auto;
-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0;word-spacing:0px'>Jim, I was under the impression
that reducing travel using duel rates reduced the resolution unnecessarily. I
never did really understand if the pulses were clipped or compressed with rate
changes. Help!<u1:p></u1:p></span></font></span><font color=black><span
style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><span class=emailstyle20><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'>Jim Hiller<u1:p></u1:p></span></font></span><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><span class=emailstyle20><font size=2 color=navy face=Arial><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Arial;color:navy'> <u1:p></u1:p></span></font></span><font
color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=2 color=black face=Tahoma><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Tahoma;color:black'>-----Original Message-----<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>From:</span></b><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="mailto:nsrca-discussion-bounces@lists.nsrca.org">nsrca-discussion-bounces@lists.nsrca.org</a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>[<a
href="mailto:nsrca-discussion-bounces@lists.nsrca.org">mailto:nsrca-discussion-bounces@lists.nsrca.org</a>]<b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>On Behalf Of<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span></b>James
Oddino<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Sent:</span></b><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>Saturday, February 21, 2009 9:18 AM<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>To:</span></b><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>General pattern discussion<br>
<b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Subject:</span></b><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>Re: [NSRCA-discussion] Random tip on
ATV and setup</span></font><font color=black><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'>Hi Don,<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'>You lost me with this one and I must confess I didn't study
the previous posts. I did question your basic premise that using Subtrim
was a bad thing. I agree it is bad if it is being used to make up for a
bad linkage setup but it is okay to use it as long as the servos are going
through identical angles and the servo speeds are the same. ( The servo
speed, measured in degrees per second, is not a function of the transmitted
signal.)<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'>The way to approach twin elevator servos, is to match the
servos prior to installing them in the airplane by installing the control horns
as close as possible to their neutral positions with the stick, trims, and
subtrims at zero and then touch up the neutrals with the subtrims. You
need a large protractor and pointer on the servo to do this. Then set the end
points to the same maximum throws, to more than you would ever want. Then
touch up the neutral with the subtrim again and the endpoints again until they
track exactly. <b><span style='font-weight:bold'>Then never touch the
Subtrims and ATV again.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span></b> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'>Use the AFR or Dual rates to set your desired throws in the
plane and do any neutral trimming with the normal trim. These functions
affect both channels equally if you are set up right. Never use ATV or
independent channel subtrims or end point adjustments to set the throw in the
airplane.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'>Hope this helps. I know it will force you to make
perfect linkage setups if you want the elevators to track.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'>Regards, Jim O<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'>On Feb 21, 2009, at 8:00 AM,<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a href="mailto:tocdon@netscape.net">tocdon@netscape.net</a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>wrote:<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'><br>
<br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'>
<![endif]><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:
12.0pt;color:black'>Bob,<br>
<br>
Good article. If the right elevator ATV is set up at lets say 120
percent (down elevator) then the other side is set at like 90 percent (up
elevator)- what would the speed be to go down more than the speed to go
up. This is with respect to the left elevator, assuming its set at
100 percent up and down. Since its less steps, and same step speed
(1.17us per step) times 1024 equals 1.2 milliseconds times 60 degrees
if throw is like .024 seconds, but with a servo speed of .2 seconds per 60
degrees times 2 (120 degrees throw total up and down) puts it at about 2
percent difference (of .4 seconds). Maybe I should have gotten up
early and gone with Chris to the WRAM...<br>
<br>
Bottom line his program setup was straight out of the mad
kitchen chef show. When I asked him why he originally did not take
the time to set it up mechanically, I just got kind of a blank stare-
like if the radio CAN do that, then what's the problem. When
we set everything to normal, zero sub trim, and mechanically adjusted the
servos and control arms- everything worked fine. Now this is an extreme
example but I got to thinking that if you minimize these electronic
setup things it will help with precision. I try
to use little or no subtrim, but do use ATV in the amounts up to
5 or 7 percent to get the end point throws just right. <br>
<br>
Cheers,<br>
Don<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
-----Original Message-----<br>
From: Bob Richards <<a href="mailto:bob@toprudder.com">bob@toprudder.com</a>><br>
To: General pattern discussion <<a
href="mailto:nsrca-discussion@lists.nsrca.org">nsrca-discussion@lists.nsrca.org</a>><br>
Sent: Thu, 19 Feb 2009 8:55 pm<br>
Subject: Re: [NSRCA-discussion] Random tip on ATV and setup<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<div id="AOLMsgPart_3_3ce11627-880d-4a3b-9ee4-845fd00a8b11">
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<td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Don,<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>If I am understanding this correctly,
the servos are actually moving the same speed (degrees/second). However,
because of the mechanical setup differences, the two servos were having to
travel different amounts to get the two elevator halves to move the same
amount. Regardless, you are correct that a problem in the linkage
geometry should never be corrected using radio settings.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>The step size of the 1024 Futaba
radio is fixed, at 1.17us. I discovered this when I wrote about the Futaba
radios in the Kfactor back in Jan '95.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><a
href="http://www.toprudder.com/hobbies/fut7uap.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.toprudder.com/hobbies/fut7uap.pdf</a><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'> <u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Bob R.<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'><br>
<br>
--- On<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><b><span
style='font-weight:bold'>Thu, 2/19/09,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="mailto:tocdon@netscape.net">tocdon@netscape.net</a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><i><span style='font-style:italic'><<a
href="mailto:tocdon@netscape.net">tocdon@netscape.net</a>></span></i></span></b><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>wrote:<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='border-width:initial;border-color:initial'><font
size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:black'>
<div style='border-width:initial;border-color:initial'>From:<span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><a href="mailto:tocdon@netscape.net">tocdon@netscape.net</a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span><<a
href="mailto:tocdon@netscape.net">tocdon@netscape.net</a>><br>
Subject: [NSRCA-discussion] Random tip on ATV and setup<br>
To:<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="mailto:nsrca-discussion@lists.nsrca.org">nsrca-discussion@lists.nsrca.org</a><br>
Date: Thursday, February 19, 2009, 10:32 PM<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<div style='border:none;border-left:solid #1010FF 1.5pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 4.0pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='border:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid #1010FF 1.5pt;
padding:0in;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 4.0pt;border-width:initial;
border-color:initial'><font size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span
style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>
<div id=yiv1984632909>Sub trim is a function that moves the servo to get the
control surface centered. This in conjunction with end point adjustments
can have an adverse effect on servo speeds. You are basically stretching the
number of steps for the same amount of travel, among the servos. I was at the
FARM club helping out a giant scale newbe last fall and he was flying a third
scale H9 Extra 330 with<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.rcuniverse.com/buynow/keywordclick.cfm?bid_id=6405"
target="_blank"
title="Special deals on Futaba products, Free shipping worldwide! Please visit www.EPRacing.com"
rel=nofollow><font color=black><span style='color:black;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>Futaba</span></font></a><span
class=apple-converted-space> </span>8 channel and Hitec servos. One of
his servos literally trailed the other one by about 20 or so degrees when
moving the elevators up and down in a rapid fashion. He said a servo was bad.
Actually, backing up a bit- when he was flying he asked my help to trim his
plane and handed me the transmitter . When I tried some waterfalls, it peeled
off really bad. When I landed, that is when I saw the elevators moving at
different speeds. Upon inspection I found he used the electronic sub trim to
get the servos aligned and massive atv end point to get the ends the same
throw. He also had the ATVs set at nealy 150 percent. I think he was like,
off one complete servo arm tooth and used the sub trim to get the servo back
to center. After about 2 hours getting everything mechanically adjusted, the
plane flew so much better. It went from something nearly crashing to a
competitive<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
href="http://www.rcuniverse.com/buynow/keywordclick.cfm?bid_id=3854"
target="_blank"
title="Setup your aircraft for IMAC competition using your laptop PC and AeroPerfect's MEMS technology!"
rel=nofollow><font color=black><span style='color:black;text-decoration:none;
text-underline:none'>IMAC</span></font></a><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>and
3D setup. Any case, I had an identical experience when helping a flyer in
Vanceboro, NC last year (after the pattern contest completed). Exact same
issue on his (scal e) plane. He thought the Rx was bad until I showed him
what the deal was. After mechanically adjusting to get it close, all was well.<o:p></o:p></span></font></p>
</div>
<u1:p></u1:p>
<div id=MAILCIADA038-5bc5499e082f260>
<p class=MsoNormal style='border-width:initial;border-color:initial'><font
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<p class=MsoNormal style='border-width:initial;border-color:initial'><b><font
size=3 color=black face="Times New Roman"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;
color:black;font-weight:bold'>A Good Credit Score is 700 or Above.<span
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<pre style='border-width:initial;border-color:initial'><font size=2
color=black face="Courier New"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:black'></div>
_______________________________________________<u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></font></pre><pre
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<pre style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:.5in;margin-bottom:0in;
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1.0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white;background-image:initial;
background-repeat:initial;background-attachment:initial;-webkit-background-clip: initial;
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<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-right:.5in;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-left:
1.0in'><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
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<div id=MAILCIADA047-5c5c49a0252b2b9>
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<hr size=2 width="100%" align=center>
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1.0in'><b><font size=2 color=black face=Arial><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
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Above.<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><a
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