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Tried to post this before but it did not go through.
<br>
<br>The optimum cruise angle of attack for jetliners is somewhere between
<br>2.5 and 5 degrees nose up. Usually closer to 2.5 or 3 degrees for an
<br>econ cruise. As fuel burns off and the gross weight goes down, the
<br>airplane will need a lower angle of attack to maintain flight which
<br>will take us away from our optimum angle (lower). So, we will either
<br>climb to where the air is "thinner" and require a higher aoa (angle of
<br>attack) to get us back to the 2.5 or 3 degrees or, slow down and
<br>maintain the lower altitude thus requiring us to increase the aoa back
<br>to optimum. The answer to your question is yes, a jetliner flies at a
<br>nose high aoa in cruise. Lift from the fuselage would probably be
<br>negligible other than "impact" lift - the force of the relative wind
<br>against the raised fuselage bottom.
<br>
<br>Chris
<br>
<br>
<br>Matthew Frederick wrote:
<br>> I only read the first sentence that Ed wrote and felt like chiming in.
<br>> I have to agree with Ed here in the assessment that "It's not that
<br>> simple." The airfoil has to produce lift... PERIOD. If the airfoil is
<br>> symmetrical the only way it can accomplish that task is with a
<br>> positive angle of attack. The flatter the airfoil is on the bottom,
<br>> the less positive angle of attack required. This, however, has NOTHING
<br>> to do with the attitude of the aircraft's nose as long as the fuselage
<br>> is not a required component of lift (which I hope and pray it's not).
<br>> Think of it like this: most of us have adjustable incidences on our
<br>> wings and stabs. You can go ahead and move your wing, stab, and thrust
<br>> line to a completely new line, and as long as the relative movement of
<br>> all surfaces was the same compared to the center of mass of the
<br>> aircraft the plane will fly the exact same in straight and level
<br>> flight. The one big difference you might notice, however, is that if
<br>> you put more positive incidence in your wing, your airplane will
<br>> appear to fly nose-down at the same airspeed that it used to look
<br>> level, and vice versa. For those of you having trouble with that "vice
<br>> versa" thing... the plane will appear nose-up if you put everything
<br>> negative. Granted, the question asked was regarding airliners, and I
<br>> can't really speak for that better than Ed did other than to agree
<br>> that it is a delicate balance of form and function. I'd much rather
<br>> just talk about our small planes... much easier to diagnose. I don't
<br>> know about you, but I prefer to have my aircraft to appear to be
<br>> flying straight (not nose-high) when I make a level pass. Considering
<br>> most of our aircraft have pretty much symmetrical airfoils, that might
<br>> give everyone some insight into what goes into designing pattern
<br>> aircraft. Remember the first people setting up with 0-0-0 on their
<br>> airplanes? I don't know about you, but to me they never looked
<br>> level... until the fuselage design was changed of course. Anyway,
<br>> guess I'm done for the night...
<br>> Matt
<br>>
<br>> ----- Original Message -----
<br>> *From:* Ed White <mailto:edvwhite@sbcglobal.net>
<br>> *To:* NSRCA Mailing List <mailto:nsrca-discussion@lists.nsrca.org>
<br>> *Sent:* Sunday, September 30, 2007 12:33 PM
<br>> *Subject:* Re: [NSRCA-discussion] Airplane angle of attack
<br>>
<br>> I work for Boeing, although in structures technology, not
<br>> aerodynamics. But I work with the aero folks enough to know the
<br>> answer they will give. Which will be, "Its not that simple." I
<br>> know this because that's the answer I get to every such question I
<br>> ask.
<br>>
<br>> There are a lot of factors that will come into play in setting
<br>> wing incidence. Where is the cg? What pitch moment effect does the
<br>> fuselage lift have? Both these affect how much tail down force is
<br>> needed to maintain trim conditions (which affects longitudinal
<br>> stability but also generates drag). Then there is the wing-body
<br>> interface. A knowledgeable aero person once described the flow at
<br>> the wing-body interface as "problematic" (code for we don't know
<br>> for sure until we try it). Then the fuselage is not a pure
<br>> cylinder, the nose is not axi-symmetric (because apparently pilots
<br>> want windows to see out of). The area at the wing-body interface
<br>> has bump outs for wing carry through structure and other things,
<br>> and the tail is usually not placed on the centerline of the
<br>> fuselage and the tail cone is also not axi-symmetric to avoid tail
<br>> strike on take-off.
<br>>
<br>> All of this and a whole lot of other factors go into fuselage lift
<br>> and drag.
<br>>
<br>> The simple design objective is to maximize the lift to drag ratio
<br>> for the entire aircraft at cruise conditions. The angle of attack
<br>> of the fuselage will be designed to meet that goal as best as
<br>> possible and may not be 0, and is likely different for different
<br>> airplanes.
<br>>
<br>> So now you are all aerodynamics experts. All you need to know is
<br>> the easy to learn phrase, "Its not that simple." Of course I can
<br>> find you folks at Boeing who will claim that when I am asked
<br>> questions about my real expertise, structural dynamics, I tend to
<br>> use the same phrase. But don't believe them.
<br>>
<br>> Ed
<br>>
<br>> */Jeff Hill /* wrote:
<br>>
<br>> This is a question about full size airplanes that has some
<br>> applicability to model design. We're talking about airliners that
<br>> have an essentially cylindrical fuse.
<br>>
<br>> I'm having a debate with a friend at work about whether or not
<br>> full
<br>> scale airliners fly slightly nose up. I claim they do he
<br>> claims they
<br>> don't.
<br>>
<br>> I claim they do because the airflow would be more stable about a
<br>> cylindrical body that was at a slight angle of attack, and
<br>> that if
<br>> you make it nose up you also gain a little lift.
<br>>
<br>> He claims that airliners fly with no AOA in the fuse because
<br>> the last
<br>> thing a designer wants is lift from the fuse because lift
<br>> generates
<br>> drag, the fuse is not a good shape for generating lift, and
<br>> consequently it isn't worth paying the drag penalty.
<br>>
<br>> What do you all think?
<br>>
<br>> Jeff Hill
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