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The optimum cruise angle of attack for jetliners is somewhere between
<br>2.5 and 5 degrees nose up. Usually closer to 2.5 or 3 degrees for an
<br>econ cruise. As fuel burns off and the gross weight goes down, the
<br>airplane will need a lower angle of attack to maintain flight which
<br>will take us away from our optimum angle (lower). So, we will either
<br>climb to where the air is "thinner" and require a higher aoa (angle of
<br>attack) to get us back to the 2.5 or 3 degrees or, slow down and
<br>maintain the lower altitude thus requiring us to increase the aoa back
<br>to optimum. The answer to your question is yes, a jetliner flies at a
<br>nose high aoa in cruise. Lift from the fuselage would probably be
<br>negligible other than "impact" lift - the force of the relative wind
<br>against the raised fuselage bottom.
<br>
<br>Chris
<br>
<br>Jim Alberico wrote:
<br>> What Ed said, but even more so.... ;-) It's not even _that_ simple.
<br>> For optimum cruise, other factors enter in. Best range is not
<br>> necessarily at max L/D, but usually close.
<br>> Well done, Ed, for a structures guy. ;-)
<br>> Jim
<br>>
<br>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
<br>> *From:* nsrca-discussion-bounces@lists.nsrca.org
<br>> [mailto:nsrca-discussion-bounces@lists.nsrca.org] *On Behalf Of *Ed White
<br>> *Sent:* Sunday, September 30, 2007 12:33 PM
<br>> *To:* NSRCA Mailing List
<br>> *Subject:* Re: [NSRCA-discussion] Airplane angle of attack
<br>>
<br>> I work for Boeing, although in structures technology, not
<br>> aerodynamics. But I work with the aero folks enough to know the answer
<br>> they will give. Which will be, "Its not that simple." I know this
<br>> because that's the answer I get to every such question I ask.
<br>>
<br>> There are a lot of factors that will come into play in setting wing
<br>> incidence. Where is the cg? What pitch moment effect does the fuselage
<br>> lift have? Both these affect how much tail down force is needed to
<br>> maintain trim conditions (which affects longitudinal stability but
<br>> also generates drag). Then there is the wing-body interface. A
<br>> knowledgeable aero person once described the flow at the wing-body
<br>> interface as "problematic" (code for we don't know for sure until we
<br>> try it). Then the fuselage is not a pure cylinder, the nose is not
<br>> axi-symmetric (because apparently pilots want windows to see out of).
<br>> The area at the wing-body interface has bump outs for wing carry
<br>> through structure and other things, and the tail is usually not placed
<br>> on the centerline of the fuselage and the tail cone is also not
<br>> axi-symmetric to avoid tail strike on take-off.
<br>>
<br>> All of this and a whole lot of other factors go into fuselage lift and
<br>> drag.
<br>>
<br>> The simple design objective is to maximize the lift to drag ratio for
<br>> the entire aircraft at cruise conditions. The angle of attack of the
<br>> fuselage will be designed to meet that goal as best as possible and
<br>> may not be 0, and is likely different for different airplanes.
<br>>
<br>> So now you are all aerodynamics experts. All you need to know is the
<br>> easy to learn phrase, "Its not that simple." Of course I can find you
<br>> folks at Boeing who will claim that when I am asked questions about my
<br>> real expertise, structural dynamics, I tend to use the same phrase.
<br>> But don't believe them.
<br>>
<br>> Ed
<br>>
<br>> */Jeff Hill /* wrote:
<br>>
<br>> This is a question about full size airplanes that has some
<br>> applicability to model design. We're talking about airliners that
<br>> have an essentially cylindrical fuse.
<br>>
<br>> I'm having a debate with a friend at work about whether or not full
<br>> scale airliners fly slightly nose up. I claim they do he claims they
<br>> don't.
<br>>
<br>> I claim they do because the airflow would be more stable about a
<br>> cylindrical body that was at a slight angle of attack, and that if
<br>> you make it nose up you also gain a little lift.
<br>>
<br>> He claims that airliners fly with no AOA in the fuse because the last
<br>> thing a designer wants is lift from the fuse because lift generates
<br>> drag, the fuse is not a good shape for generating lift, and
<br>> consequently it isn't worth paying the drag penalty.
<br>>
<br>> What do you all think?
<br>>
<br>> Jeff Hill
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<br>> NSRCA-discussion@lists.nsrca.org
<br>> http://lists.nsrca.org/mailman/listinfo/nsrca-discussion
<br>>
<br>>
<br>> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
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